Perfective and imperfective aspect – a practical guide
Most Polish verbs form aspect pairs: one imperfective verb and one perfective verb. The imperfective aspect (robić, pisać, kupować) describes an action as a process, something that repeats, or a habit. The perfective aspect (zrobić, napisać, kupić) describes a completed action with a result – most often a one-off one. Perfective verbs have no present tense – their “present” form means the future: napiszę means “I will write it in the future”. Robić or zrobić? At a trial lesson you will practise this choice on your own sentences.
What aspect is
Aspect shows how we look at an action: whether we are interested in the process itself, or in its end and result. In English a similar difference is sometimes visible between I was writing and I wrote, but in Polish aspect applies to all tenses and moods. Aspect appears in almost every sentence, so it is worth mastering it early.
Wczoraj czytałem książkę. – I read for some time; it is not clear whether I finished.
Wczoraj przeczytałem książkę. – I finished, I know the ending.
Codziennie kupuję chleb. – a habit, it repeats.
Kupię chleb po pracy. – a single action in the future, with a result.
The most important verb pairs
Aspect pairs are formed in three ways: by adding a prefix, by changing a suffix, or – more rarely – by using a completely different verb. The table shows the pairs worth knowing at levels A2–B1.
| Imperfective | Perfective | How it is formed |
|---|---|---|
| robić | zrobić | prefix |
| pisać | napisać | prefix |
| czytać | przeczytać | prefix |
| jeść / pić | zjeść / wypić | prefix |
| gotować | ugotować | prefix |
| płacić | zapłacić | prefix |
| dzwonić | zadzwonić | prefix |
| czekać | poczekać | prefix |
| pytać | zapytać | prefix |
| uczyć się | nauczyć się | prefix |
| kupować | kupić | change of the stem ending |
| dawać | dać | change of the stem ending |
| otwierać / zamykać | otworzyć / zamknąć | change of the stem ending |
| wracać | wrócić | change of the stem ending |
| zaczynać / kończyć | zacząć / skończyć | various ways |
| pomagać | pomóc | change of the stem ending |
| wysyłać | wysłać | change of the stem ending |
| brać | wziąć | a different verb |
| mówić | powiedzieć | a different verb |
| oglądać | obejrzeć | a different verb |
| widzieć | zobaczyć | a different verb |
Watch out for prefixes: a prefix does not always create a pair. Pisać – napisać is a pair, but przepisać (to write again), zapisać (to note down) or podpisać (to sign) are new verbs with new meanings – each has its own pair: podpisywać – podpisać.
Aspect and tenses
An imperfective verb has three tenses, and a perfective verb only two. This is the most important table on this page.
| Tense | Imperfective (pisać) | Perfective (napisać) |
|---|---|---|
| present | piszę – now or regularly | – (does not exist) |
| past | pisałem / pisałam – process, repetition | napisałem / napisałam – result, completion |
| future | będę pisać or będę pisał / pisała – a process in the future | napiszę – a result in the future |
We show how to form these tenses in our guides to the past tense and the future tense.
Words that hint at the aspect
Some words in a sentence very often go with one aspect. This is not a rule without exceptions, but it is a good hint to start with.
| Imperfective – process, repetition | Perfective – result, once |
|---|---|
| codziennie, często, zwykle, zawsze, czasem (every day, often, usually, always, sometimes) | już, wreszcie, w końcu (already, at last, finally) |
| długo, cały dzień, przez godzinę (for a long time, all day, for an hour) | nagle, od razu, natychmiast (suddenly, at once, immediately) |
| co tydzień, każdego dnia (every week, every day) | raz, jeden raz (once, one time) |
| właśnie (teraz), kiedy (= while) (right now, when) | w ciągu godziny, do piątku (= at the latest) (within an hour, by Friday) |
Przez godzinę pisałem e-mail do szefa. – process
W końcu napisałem e-mail do szefa. – result
Kiedy gotowałam obiad, zadzwonił telefon. – background (imperfective) and a single event (perfective)
Aspect after the verbs zaczynać, kończyć, musieć
- After zaczynać / zacząć, kończyć / skończyć, przestać (to begin, finish, stop), only the imperfective infinitive is used: Zaczynam pracować o ósmej. Skończyłem czytać. Przestań mówić!
- After musieć, chcieć, móc, trzeba (must, want, can, it is necessary) you choose the aspect according to the meaning: Muszę codziennie brać leki (repetition) – Muszę wziąć lek przed snem (once).
- In requests for one specific thing, the perfective is usually used: Czy możesz zamknąć okno?
Aspect in the imperative
In affirmative commands we usually use the perfective aspect for a single action (Zamknij drzwi), and the imperfective for an invitation or encouragement (Wchodź, siadaj!). In prohibitions we use the imperfective aspect: Nie otwieraj okna! A perfective form with “nie” is a warning: Nie zapomnij biletu! You will find more examples in our guide to the imperative.
The most common mistakes in choosing the aspect
- “Będę napisać list” – a perfective verb does not combine with “będę”. Correct: napiszę list or będę pisać list.
- “Codziennie zrobię zakupy” as a description of what you usually do – a regular habit is described with the imperfective aspect: codziennie robię zakupy.
- “Skończyłem przeczytać” – correct: skończyłem czytać.
- “Teraz zrobię obiad” meaning “I am cooking dinner right now” – correct: teraz robię obiad. “Zrobię” means “I will make it in a moment”.
- “Wczoraj zjadłem obiad przez godzinę” – duration requires the imperfective: wczoraj jadłem obiad przez godzinę.
Aspect is a topic that causes difficulty even for advanced students – including speakers of Russian or Ukrainian. Their languages also have aspect, but the verb pairs and their use do not always match the Polish ones. See how tasks in the B1 exam test aspect.
Test yourself: which aspect?
Choose the correct aspect.
- Wczoraj cały wieczór (oglądałem / obejrzałem) seriale.
- Jutro (kupuję / kupię) bilet na pociąg.
- Zwykle (wstaję / wstanę) o szóstej.
- Czy już (pisałeś / napisałeś) ten raport?
- Kiedy (jechałam / pojechałam) do pracy, zadzwoniła mama.
- Proszę, (zamykaj / zamknij) drzwi, jest zimno.
- Skończyłam (sprzątać / posprzątać) o dziesiątej.
- Nie (zapominaj / zapomnij) o jutrzejszej lekcji!
Answers
- oglądałem – a process lasting the whole evening
- kupię – a single action in the future (in colloquial speech “kupuję” is also possible when it is a fixed plan)
- wstaję – a habit
- napisałeś – a question about the result (“już”)
- jechałam – the background for another event
- zamknij – one specific request
- sprzątać – after “skończyć” only the imperfective
- zapomnij – a warning
Aspect is best learnt on your own sentences. In one-to-one lessons the teacher shows which aspect to choose in situations from your work and life – and at a trial lesson they will check where you most often go wrong.
Frequently asked questions
How can I check in a dictionary whether a verb is perfective?
Dictionaries mark aspect with an abbreviation: “ndk” (imperfective) or “dk” (perfective). Good dictionaries also give the other verb of the pair, e.g. “kupować ndk – kupić dk”.
Does every verb have an aspect pair?
No. Some verbs have only the imperfective aspect, e.g. “mieć”, “być”, “mieszkać”, “wiedzieć” (to have, be, live, know). For actions that continue without a clear end there is often no pair.
Does Polish have a “Present Perfect” tense?
No. Polish has one past tense, and the difference between “I did” and “I have done” is often expressed precisely by the perfective aspect and the word “już” (already): “Już zjadłem”.
Why are “idę” and “pójdę” also an aspect pair?
“Iść” is imperfective and “pójść” is perfective. “Pójdę” means “I will set off in the future”, which is why we say “Jutro pójdę do lekarza”. Verbs of motion also have additional pairs, e.g. iść and chodzić.
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See also
- Polish casesAll seven cases in one place: questions, endings, prepositions and examples.Read →
- GrammarWhat grammar B1 requires, which topics cause the most trouble, and a short exercise with a key.Read →
- 1:1 lessonsYou and the teacher: pace, topics and schedule adjusted to you, from A1 to C2.from 99 PLN / lessonRead →