The nominative – the first case (kto? co?)

In short

The nominative is the first Polish case and answers the questions kto? co? (who? what?). The subject of the sentence – the person or thing that does something – is in the nominative: Mój brat pracuje w Gdańsku. It is also the form you find in a dictionary, and the form that follows to jest / to są (this is / these are). The hardest part of the nominative is the plural of men: student – studenci, Polak – Polacy. At a trial lesson we will check whether these forms already come to you without thinking.

When we use the nominative

We use the nominative mainly for the subject, that is, for whoever performs the action or is being talked about. The nominative is the starting point for all the other cases described in the cases cheat sheet.

  • The subject of a sentence: Anna czyta książkę. Pociąg się spóźnia. Dzieci śpią.
  • Introducing people and things: To jest mój mąż. To są moje dokumenty. To jest nowy telefon.
  • First name and surname: Nazywam się Olga Kowalenko. Mam na imię Rahul.
  • Describing the subject with an adjective: Mieszkanie jest małe, ale ładne. Ta zupa jest bardzo dobra.
  • After “jako” (as), when it refers to the subject: Pracuję jako kierowca. Pracuje jako kucharka.
  • Signs, lists, titles and notices: Apteka, Wyjście, Kasa nieczynna.

Helper questions: kto? co?

For people and animals we ask kto? (who?), for things and phenomena – co? (what?). Put the question to the verb: Kto czyta? – Anna. Co się spóźnia? – Pociąg. The word that answers the question is in the nominative.

Note: co? is also the question of the accusative (Co czytasz? – Książkę.). The difference: in the nominative we ask about whoever performs the action, and in the accusative about what the action is done to.

The nominative singular – recognising gender

The nominative singular has no separate endings to learn – it is the dictionary form. Its ending does, however, hint at the gender, and all the other cases depend on the gender.

The gender of a noun from its nominative ending
EndingGenderExamplesExceptions
a consonantusually masculinedom, stół, telefon, lekarz, kotfeminine: noc, rzecz, twarz, miłość, wiadomość
-ausually femininemama, kawa, praca, ulicamasculine: mężczyzna, kierowca, kolega, tata, dentysta
-ifeminine (a few words)pani, gospodyni–
-o, -e, -ęneuterokno, mleko, morze, mieszkanie, imię, zwierzęmasculine surnames: Kościuszko, Fredro
-umneutermuzeum, centrum, liceummasculine: album

You will find details and more exceptions on the page about noun genders.

Adjectives and pronouns in the nominative

In the nominative, adjectives and pronouns have the same gender and number as the noun. In the plural they have two forms: masculine personal (for men) and non-masculine-personal (for everyone and everything else).

Nominative forms of the adjective and pronoun
masculinefeminineneuterplural – menplural – others
adjectivenowynowanowenowinowe
demonstrative pronountentatocite
possessive pronounmójmojamojemoimoje
exampleten nowy lekarzta nowa lekarkato nowe biuroci nowi lekarzete nowe lekarki

In the masculine personal form of an adjective, the consonant at the end of the stem often changes:

  • dobry – dobrzy, stary – starzy (r → rz)
  • wysoki – wysocy, polski – polscy (k → c)
  • drogi – drodzy (g → dz)
  • młody – młodzi, bogaty – bogaci, mały – mali, zadowolony – zadowoleni

The nominative plural – the key rules

In the plural, the nominative has different endings for men and for all other nouns. The table shows the most common patterns; you will find the full description with exceptions in our guide to the plural.

The nominative plural
GroupEndingExamples
men-i, -y (with a change of consonant)student – studenci, sąsiad – sąsiedzi, Polak – Polacy, kolega – koledzy
men-elekarz – lekarze, nauczyciel – nauczyciele
men-owiepan – panowie, syn – synowie, ojciec – ojcowie
masculine things and animals, feminine-y / -i (after k, g)dom – domy, kot – koty, kawa – kawy, bank – banki, noga – nogi
masculine and feminine with a soft ending-eklucz – klucze, pokój – pokoje, ulica – ulice, noc – noce
neuter-aokno – okna, miasto – miasta, mieszkanie – mieszkania, muzeum – muzea

“To jest lekarz” or “jestem lekarzem”?

The nominative follows to jest / to są, whereas after the verb być (to be) on its own, a noun goes in the instrumental. This is one of the most common traps at levels A1–A2.

The nominative and the instrumental after “być”
NominativeInstrumental
To jest lekarz.On jest lekarzem.
To jest moja siostra.Ona jest moją siostrą.
Mój brat to dobry kierowca.Mój brat jest dobrym kierowcą.
On jest wysoki. (an adjective alone)On jest wysokim mężczyzną. (adjective + noun)

You will find more sentences with “być” and a noun in our guide to the instrumental.

The nominative after “jako”, “niż” and “jak”

The nominative practically never combines with prepositions – just like the vocative. It does, however, appear after the words jako (as), niż (than) and jak (like) (these are not prepositions) when we compare or describe the subject:

  • Pracuję jako opiekunka.
  • Mój brat jest wyższy niż ja.
  • Jesteś głodny jak wilk.

Example sentences

Kto to jest? – To jest nasz nowy kolega, Tomasz.
Co to jest? – To jest formularz do urzędu.
Moi rodzice mieszkają w Kijowie.
Te buty są za małe.
Nasi sąsiedzi są bardzo mili.
Autobus numer 15 jedzie na dworzec.
Ci panowie czekają na lekarza.

Where learners most often trip up

  • “Ja jestem student” – correct: jestem studentem or to jest student.
  • “Moja kolega” – correct: mój kolega: the noun ends in -a, but it means a man, so it is masculine.
  • “Studenty”, “Polaki” – correct: studenci, Polacy. The form “Polaki” sounds disparaging.
  • “Te panowie” – correct: ci panowie; for men, the pronoun takes the masculine personal form.
  • “Moje dzieci jest w szkole” – correct: moje dzieci są w szkole; after a plural subject, the verb is also in the plural.
  • Leaving out the subject is not a mistake: Pracuję w biurze sounds more natural than Ja pracuję w biurze, because the verb ending already says who is acting.

A short exercise: the plural

Put the word in brackets into the nominative plural.

  1. Na kursie są ______ (student) z pięciu krajów.
  2. W mieszkaniu są dwa ______ (pokój).
  3. Moi ______ (sąsiad) pracują w szpitalu.
  4. Te ______ (książka) są bardzo drogie.
  5. Ci ______ (pan) są z Gruzji.
  6. Nowi ______ (lekarz) zaczynają pracę w poniedziałek.

Answers

  1. studenci
  2. pokoje
  3. sąsiedzi
  4. książki
  5. panowie
  6. lekarze

The plural of men causes trouble even at level B1. In individual lessons we practise it in conversation, on sentences from your own life – start with a trial lesson.

Frequently asked questions

What is the difference between the nominative and the accusative?

The nominative is the subject – the one who acts (Anna czyta). The accusative is the object – what the action is done to (czytam książkę). For feminine nouns the difference is clear: kawa (nominative), kawę (accusative).

Does a Polish sentence always need a subject in the nominative?

No. The subject is often left out, because the verb ending shows the person: “Idę do domu”. There are also sentences with no subject at all, for example “Jest zimno” or “Trzeba iść”.

Why is “kolega” masculine if it ends in -a?

Nouns that denote men, such as kolega, kierowca or mężczyzna, are masculine even though they end in -a. That is why we say: mój kolega, ten kierowca.

How do I talk about a group of women and men together?

If the group includes even one man, we use masculine personal forms: oni, ci, moi, nowi studenci. We use the forms one, te, moje only when there are no men in the group.

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